“This study represents the first example of the benefits of employing a cooperative nanosystem to fight cancer,” said Dr. Michael Sailor, a professor of chemistry and biochemistry at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD; USA) and the lead author of an article describing the results, which is being published in a forthcoming issue of the Proceedings of the [U.S.] National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). An early online version of the study was published in early January 2010.

In their study, the UCSD chemists, bioengineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT; Cambridge, MA, USA) and cell biologists at the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB; USA) developed a system containing two different nanomaterials the size of only a few nanometers that can be injected into the bloodstream. One nanomaterial was designed to find and adhere to tumors in mice, while the second nanomaterial was engineered to kill those tumors.

These scientists and others had earlier designed nanometer-sized devices to attach to diseased cells or deliver drugs specifically to the diseased cells while sparing healthy cells. But the functions of those devices, the researchers discovered, frequently conflicted with one another. “For example, a nanoparticle that is engineered to circulate through a cancer patient’s body for a long period of time is more likely to encounter a tumor,” said Dr. Sangeeta Bhatia, a physician, bioengineer, and a professor of Health Sciences and Technology at the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT and a coauthor of the study. “However, that nanoparticle may not be able to stick to tumor cells once it finds them. Likewise, a particle that is engineered to adhere tightly to tumors may not be able to circulate in the body long enough to encounter one in the first place.”

When a single drug does not work in a patient, a physician will typically administer a cocktail containing several drug molecules. That strategy can be very effective in the treatment of cancer, where the rationale is to attack the disease on as many fronts as possible. Drugs may sometimes work together on a single aspect of the disease, or they may attack separate functions. In either case, drug combinations can provide a greater effect than either drug alone.

Treating tumors with nanoparticles has been difficult because immune cells called mononuclear phagocytes identify them and grab them from circulation, preventing the nanomaterials from reaching their target.

Ji-Ho Park, a graduate student in Dr. Sailor’s UCSD laboratory, and Geoffrey von Maltzahn, a graduate student in Dr. Bhatia’s MIT laboratory, led the effort to develop two distinct nanomaterials that would work in concert to overcome that hurdle and others. The first particle is a gold nanorod “activator” that gathers in tumors by seeping through its leaky blood vessels. The gold particles cover the whole tumor and behave like an antenna by absorbing otherwise benign infrared laser irradiation, which then heats up the tumor.

After the nanorods had circulated in the bloodstream of mice that had epithelial tumors for three days, the researchers utilized a weak laser beam to heat the rods that attached to the tumors. This sensitized the tumors, and the researchers then sent in a second nanoparticle type, composed of either iron oxide nanoworms or doxorubicin-loaded liposomes. This “responder” nanoparticle was coated with a special targeting molecule specific for the heat-treated tumor. Much of that work was done in the laboratory of Dr. Erkki Ruoslahti, a cell biologist and professor at the Burnham Institute for Medical Research at UCSB, and a coauthor of the study.

Whereas one type of nanoparticle improves detection of the tumor, Dr. Sailor reported, the other is designed to kill the tumor. The researchers designed one type of responder particle with strings of iron oxide, which they called “nanoworms,” that show up brightly in a medical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system. The second type is a hollow nanoparticle loaded with the anti-cancer drug doxorubicin. With the drug-loaded responder, the scientists demonstrated in their experiments that a tumor growing in a mouse could be arrested and then shrunk.

“The nanoworms would be useful to help the medical team identify the size and shape of a tumor in a patient before surgery, while the hollow nanoparticles might be used to kill the tumor without the need for surgery. This study is important because it is the first example of a combined, two-part nanosystem that can produce sustained reduction in tumor volume in live animals,” concluded Dr. Sailor.

Related Links:
University of California, San Diego
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
University of California, Santa Barbara